The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion used in psychology to study human perception. Here's an explanation of how it works.
Muller-Lyer illusion
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Müller-Lyer illusion - Wikipedia
a The three conWgurations of the Müller-Lyer illusion: expanding
PDF] The Müller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image
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PDF) The Müller-Lyer illusion explained by the statistics of image
The Illusions Index - The Illusions Index